Technical Papers

Results from the research undertaken by GBB (UK) Ltd. are published in a variety of legal and medical journals from time to time.
It is our intention to publish copies of those articles together with peer-reviewed and non peer-reviewed technical papers in this section, in a downloadable format.

The research in this section is protected by UK copyright law and unauthorised use is strictly forbidden. If you require any further information in relation to the testing we undertake then please do not hesitate to contact us.



Is the 'whiplash' threshold really 3mph? - April 2010

Managing Director Brian Henderson presented this paper at The Forensic Science Society Spring Conference entitled "Planes, Trains & Automobiles" which was held at The National Railway Museum in York on 22nd April 2010.

The technical paper follows on from the previously published paper looking at the 5mph injury threshold in low speed collisions. This paper is also available to download in this section of the site.


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A Study Of Extreme Partial Collisions - December 2009
The Technical paper "A Study of Extreme Partial Collisions" is now available to view on-line.

This Technical paper written by Brian Henderson and Phil Hoyes, appeared in the Winter 2009 edition of Impact, the journal of the Institute Of Traffic Accident Investigators.

The crash testing video footage for this paper can be viewed in the video centre section of our site.


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A Study Of Human Kinematic Response To Low Speed ‘Rear End’ Impacts Involving Vehicles Of Largely Differing Masses - November 2009
The technical paper "A Study Of Human Kinematic Response To Low Speed ‘Rear End’ Impacts Involving Vehicles Of Largely Differing Masses" is available for download.

Brian Henderson presented this paper at the International Congress of Traffic Accident Investigation in Shanghai in November 2009.

The event was organised by the Institute Of Forensic Science, Ministry Of Justice, Peoples Republic Of China.


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Is the threshold for injury in whiplash really a delta-v of 3 mph? - June 2009

A joint paper between I. Starks, B. Henderson, M. Hill and R. Wade that also appeared in Injury Extra Volume 5 published in May 2008. The research detailed within this paper was presented by Ian Starks at the British Trauma Society Annual Conference 2007.

This paper was also presented as "Does whiplash occur in low velocity rear impact shunt" at the 10th Congress of the European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology in Vienna on 4th June 2009.



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RSG Journey Data Used In Collision Investigation December 2007
Neil Empson studies the use of data from RSG Gemeni Explorer data loggers in colision investigations.


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Deconstructing a Collision - March 2007
This published article (Personal Injury Law Journal) on Low Speed Collisions is a three way collaboration between Brian Henderson, Roger Wade FRCS Orthopaedic Surgeon and Ian Simpson, Barrister at Law, following study of GBB Crash Test research.


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Article Putting the 5mph Injury Threshold to the Test - September 2006
Brian Henderson reveals the results of his extensive research into the impact of low-speed-change collisions.


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Report on a Full-Size Crash Test - June 2005
Numerous studies have taken place throughout the world, particularly in the United States of America, relating to ‘low speed’ collisions and in particular to the effects upon occupants.

A number of studies suggest a threshold of 5 mph. In other words the resultant change in velocity for a struck vehicle in a rear-end collision.

In March 2005 a number of ‘roll into’ tests were undertaken, and in June 2005 further full scale testing was completed.

The June 2005 testing was completed using different vehicles in a variety of tests. Accelerometers were placed both in vehicles and their occupants.



This technical paper relates to the findings of Crash Test 2 which was part of the June 2005 programme.
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